Regarding to problems of digestible protein, metabolizable protein (MP) is offered. This system is based on microbial protein and undegraded protein in the rumen that is digestible in the small intestine. In order to determine of degradable protein in the rumen, ruminal undegradable protein and metabolizable protein of fish meal and cottonseed meal using crude protein degradability coefficients by in situ and ADIN data based on AFRC equation this experiment was designed. Three castrated sheep (49±2.6 kg) was used.the equation of P=a+b (1-e-ct) was used for estimating of CP degradabilities coefficients. The MP of fish meal and cottonseed meal was achieved 39.67 and 23.21 g/kgDM.

The effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal in diets for red pacu on growth performance, body composition and hematological indices was evaluated in an 8-week trial. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated containing 32.04±0.46 crude proteins and 17.26±0.31 KJ gross energy g-1 diet. The control diet was formulated to contain 50% fish meal, whereas in the other four diets soybean meal was included at 16.5, 33, 49.5 and 66% to replace 25 (SBM25), 50 (SBM50), 75 (SBM75) and 100% (SBM100) of the fish meal protein. One hundred and ninety fish (with average weight 1.8±0.07 g) were randomly distributed into five treatments (each treatment included 3 replicates). Weight gain and specific growth rate in fish fed SBM25 and SBM50 diets were significantly higher than any of other treatments. Feed consumption in fish fed SBM50 diet was significantly higher than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio in fish fed SBM100 diet was significantly higher than fish fed other treatments, while no statistical significant difference was observed between the four other treatments. Whole body composition fish fed SBM50 diet had significantly lower crude protein, lipid, ash and higher moisture compared with other treatments. Fish fed SBM100 diet had a significantly higher hemoglobin and lower hematocrit than other treatments. The results indicated that an economical diet can be formulated using 50 percent soybean meal in red pacu diets without adverse effect on growth performance.

In order to, study the ability of replacement of canola cake with fish meal, and its effect on growth performances; an experiment with 0, 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20%, canola meal cake instead of fish meal was conducted (in triplicate).Two hundred and 25 Cray fish with average weight 12±0.86 were randomly distributed between 15 fiber glass tank of 500 liter. During the experimental period, the dissolved oxygen level, temperature, and pH were maintained at 6.8±0.8 mg/L, 26±1.6oC, and 6.8- 7.9, respectively. Cray fish were fed at 5% of body weight in four times (6, 12, 18, 22 hours). The average performances such as relative growth rate (FGR), specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (FER) were shown no any significant between treatments (p>0.05).The highest final weight was observed in control basal diet (0% canola).Meanwhile the lowest final weigh has been observed in 20% canola meal replacement, though there was not observed statistically significant. Cray fish body composition such as crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash were not shown significant between treatments (P>0.05).The results of this experiment indicated that, the canola meal cake could be a suitable substitution with meal up to 20%.

Fish meal due to its protein richness is main source of food for animal husbandry and fish farming. Since our country has several fish meal factories in different coastal and non-coastal areas with specific management methods, therefore the present study aims to evaluate the quality of the product and their management methods in 17 fishmeal processing and production companies from 9 selected provinces consisting of 190 people (personnel, senior staff and management) usinf analytical-survey method. The results showed that the management capacity of fish meal factories in the country based on the opinions of employees is below the average and does not have proper conditions. However, the level of eight management skills varies in various province factories. The factories in the provinces of Guilan, Tehran, Sistan and Baluchestan and Isfahan have managers with high decision-making power. Taking into account the evaluation criteria of managers, the results showed that the factories of Hormozgan Province have the most suitable condition and Alborz Province had the weakest quality. The results of TVN survey showed that the provinces have a significant difference and the strongest are those factories of Semnan and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces and the weakest are those of Khuzestan and Guilan provinces.

In order to study the effects of partial replacement of cottonseed meal for fish meal on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) performance and also effect of Ferosulfate to neutralize gossypol poisonousness in cottonseed meal, 7 replacement levels (0, 10, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 percent) of meal with and without Ferosulfate were considered and compared at a basic design of completely randomized by factorial experiment (2´7). 840 pcs fish the average body weight of fish were100±5 gr, distributed equally in 42 pens and experiment was continued for ten weeks. Body weight and condition factor (CF) were measured every 2 weeks after 2 weeks of acclimatization. Feed cost per a kilo of fish producing, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) were measured at the end of trial. No mortality resulting of experimental treatment was observed during the trial. The results showed that there was no significant difference between results of replacement of cottonseed meal for fish meal at the same levels (specially %20) and control diet (without cottonseed) (p>0.05). After control diet, %20 replacement had the best results. It is probably due to suitable balance of essential amino acids in the ration. In general, adding the Ferosulfate to cottonseed meal diets caused no significant improvement in fish performance .This results showed that the level of gossypol in cottonseed meal used was low. Of course addition of Ferosulfate with high levels of cottonseed meal had desired controlling effect on gossypol. However, high levels of cottonseed meal (specially %40) caused more significant decrease on attributes measured than control diet .According to these results, it seems that lower efficiency of diets high in cottonseed meal isn’t completely result of undesired effects of gossypol. Other reasons for low efficiency of diet high in cottonseed meal in this experiment may be due to the followings: lack of balance between essential amino acid, specially lysine, decreased palatability and subsequently decreased fish appetite, and as a result wasting of some received dietary and increased dietary crud fiber content.

A investigation carried out for survey effect of different percentage replacement fish meal by blood meal in diets fingerlings Acipnenser stellatus on growth rate and body composition with percentage replacement 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100% in statistic complete random blocks for 8 weeks. Result showed increase replacement to above 40 % resulted a decrease on percentage body weight, final weight, specific growth rate , feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio (P<0.05). The total replacement showed non appetite and mortality in fishes. Also in treatments 80 and 100 % replacement showed an unwilling to consumption diet and decrease appetite. Fishes belonged to treatment 20 and 40 % replacement truly feed diets. Parameters final weight, percentage body weight, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate in fish fed diets 20 and 40 % replacement did not significant difference with control diet (P>0.05). increase replacement fish meal by blood meal higher 40% led to decrease body protein and a lipid deposition lipid in body (P<0.05). But body protein fishes fed diets (20 and 40% replacement) don’t difference significant with control diet (P>0.05). Result of these present study indicated that protein from fish meal could substations levels 20-40% by protein from blood meal without influencing adverse effects on the growth rate and biochemical composition of the body fingerling Acipenser stellatus.

Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus spp. Poultry feeds and ingredients are vulnerable to fungal growth and aflatoxin formation. Naturally occurring aflatoxin contains aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, but aflatoxin B1 is usually the highest concentration and is the most toxic. The most economically significant effects of aflatoxicosis in growing birds are decreasing growth and poor feed conversion rate, decreasing size and egg production and immunosuppressive effects. In the present study 75 samples consist of 25 samples of soyameal, maize and fish meal were collected from 2 main poultry feed factories and poultry farms around Ahvaz. Isolation of fungi was made by pour plate method and aflatoxins extracted by thin layer chromatography (TLC) method. The results of the present study showed that 96 percent of soyameal, 88 percent of maize and 100 percent of fish meal were contaminated with Aspergillus spp with different levels. The highest contaminations of Aspergillus were made from domestic maize and fishmeal. 60% of fishmeal, 40% of maize and 60% of soyameal contained different level of aflatoxin. The highest amount of B1 aflatoxin was 15 ppb detected in domestic fish meal.

In this study, chemical compositions of black seed meals samples were determined. 18 male weaning Zandi lambs with an average body weight of 23.5 ±1.5 kg were used in a completely randomized design in three groups of six in individual pens. Experimental treatments were: 1) control (basal diet with 12% soybean meal and without black seed meal), 2) diet containing 6% soybean meal and 9% black seed meal and 3) diet containing 18% black seed meal and without soybean meal. The concentration of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, NDF, ADF, ADIN, and crude ash of black seed meal samples were 97.53±0.58, 31.26±0.99, 15.16 ± 0.61, 25.95 ± 1.34, 14.2±0.80, 0.69±0.04 and 5.07 ± 0.24, respectively. Replacement of soybean meal with black seed meal in the diet of experimental lambs had no effect on final body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dry matter intake, dressing percentage, tail and total body fat deposition. Albumin and total protein were higher for lambs fed by diet containing 18 % black seed meal compared to other treatments (P <0.05). However, the concentration of blood triglyceride, cholesterol and urea nitrogen were not differed between experimental groups. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude fat and protein were not affect by feeding of experimental diets. It seems that black seed meal can be used in the diet of fattening lambs up to 18% without adverse effect on performance and nutrients digestibility of growing lambs.

This study was carried out in Sefidroud Fisheries Research Station in Astaneh-Ashrafieh city in 2009. The research was conducted to assess the effect of 5 pure dietary of Isonitrogenous and Isoenergetics with different protein sources. The test followed a Randomized complete design. Each treatment was organized with 4 replicates and totally 20 rearing tanks were involved. The period of test was planned for 60 days and the test organism was housed in fiber-glass tanks of 110 l capacity. The main sources of protein in test diets were fish meal (F) and soybean meal (S), as fish meal was replaced by soybean meal in each treatment. Test diets consisted of F100/S0 F70/S30, F50/S50, F30/S70 and F0/S100 fish meal per soybean meal percent. Daily Feeding was planned on 3% of body weight and similar in each treatment. The results showed that with increment of fish meal level in proportion to Soybean meal in experimental diets the indices of growth of Rutilus frisii kutum concerning body weight, specific growth rates, food conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio improved. As in a diet with 100 and 70 % fish meal maximum improvement of vital factors were achieved. Survival ratio (100%) was similar in all of the diets. The diet of F100/S0 and F70/S30 had no significant differences, so it is worthto replace 30% of fish meal with soybean meal in kutum diet for maximum growth and optimum economically point of view.